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Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions
The aims of the electric power systems can be summarized as to transport electrical energy from the generator unit to the terminals of electrical equipment and to maintain the voltage at the equipment terminals within certain limits. For decades research and education have been concentrated on the first aim. Reliability and quality of supply were rarely an issue, the argument being that the reliability was sooner too high than too low. A change in attituted came about probably sometime in the early 1980s. Starting in industrial and commercial power systems and spreading to the public supply, the power quality virus appeared. It became clear that equipment regularly experienced spurious trips due to voltage disturbances. A more customer-friendly definition of reliability was that the power supply turned out to be much less reliable than always thought. Although the hectic years of power quality pionerering appear to be over, the subject continues to attract lots of attention. This is certain to continue into the future, as customers’ demands have become an important issue in the deregulation of the electricity industry.rnThis book concentrates on the power quality phenomena that primarily affect the customer, interruptions and voltage sags. During an interruption the voltage is completely zero, which is probably the worst quality of supply one can consider. During a voltage sag the voltage is not zero, but is still significantly less than during normal operation. Voltage sags and interruptions account majority of unwanted equipment trips.rnThe material contained in the forthcoming chapters was developed by the author during a 10 year period at four different universities, Eindhoven, Curaco, Manchester, and Gothenburg. Large parts of the material were originally used for postgraduate and industrial lectures both at home and in various places around the world. The material will certainly be used again for this purpose (by the author and hopefully also by others).rn
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