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Electricity outages in Ghana: Are contingent valuation estimates valid?
African countries experience persistent and serious energy outages, but while multiple valuation studies provide
estimates of the costs of electricity outages in high-income countries, evidence is scarce for lower- and middleincome
countries. The few studies that assess the value of reliable energy supply rely on the contingent valuation
method that is under wide scrutiny. This paper aims to provide new estimates of households' willingness to pay
to reduce electricity outages for Ghana and contributes to the debate on the validity of contingent valuation
results for energy reliability. Our results suggest that households are willing to pay GHS 67 ($17) per month for
reliable electricity supply, equivalent to 7% of respondents’ income. The results of tests for hypothetical bias,
WTP-WTA disparity and income effects suggest that the contingent valuation estimates from this study are
robust and can support decision makers in prioritizing energy policies and investments.
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