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Price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity demand in the European Union
This study examines the short- and long-run price and income elasticities of residential and industrial electricity
demand in the European Union between 1996 and 2016. Instrumental variable models using the between estimator,
as well as dynamic panel models are employed to present robust estimates, and to assess the impact of
different methodologies on the reported elasticities. The long-run price elasticity of residential electricity consumption
is estimated between ???? 0.53 and ???? 0.56. These elasticities are more inelastic than that of industrial
electricity use, which is reported between ???? 0.75 and ???? 1.01. The choice of different econometric methodologies
has only moderate impact on the estimates. While long-run residential income elasticity estimates are moderately
inelastic and estimated around 0.61, industrial electricity use tends to be closely tied to income, with elasticities
between 0.76 and 1.08. Electricity demand in all sectors is highly price and income inelastic in the short run.
Additionally, population density, temperatures, and policy measures also influence sectoral electricity use. The
above estimates can aid the design of European energy and environmental policy.
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